CHAPTER ONE

1.0  INTRODUCTION

1.1  BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Management is the arrangement of available human and material resources for the achievement of desired goals and objectives (Nwune, Nwogbo & Okonkwo, 2016). Management is also the productive use of available resources in an efficient and effective manner geared towards goals realization. Sen and Saxena, (2009), suggested that managerial effectiveness is the culmination of synergy of effectiveness of individual managers in the organization, An effective manager is like the good captain of a ship, efficient pilot of an aero plane, who under all circumstances knows he is responsible for the welfare of his vessel and is aware that a slight mistake on his part can sink the ship or crash the plane. In other for an effective management some theories are followed by different management example is the Frederick Taylor scientific management theory.

Scientific management theory by Fredrick Taylor was a technique which was developed in order to enhance the efficiency of a work process. The theory was centered on systematic study of people, behavior and tasks. The chore of Taylor’s theory was that they followed the technique of breaking the work process into sub-tasks or least possible units with an intention to regulate the most efficient method for accomplishing a particular task. Also mentioned as classical management theory, scientific management theory made its entry in the early 1900’s in order to enhance worker productivity. Though the scientific theory of management provided tools for workers to enhance their output and efficiency, employees did only menial work and hence the theory criticism of the classical theory of management faced critics for developing an assembly-line atmosphere. With this as a reason, the theory was fallen out of favor by various companies but is still considered as a valuable tool in many companies for its principles. A good example where techniques of classical and scientific management theory can be applied is in factories where repetitive tasks are achieved. The importance of scientific management theory and principles are,

• Employees must be elected based on their skills and abilities related to job.
• Incentives and wages provided to employees should be based on encouraging them and enhancing their output.
• The leadership within the organization should be one that develops a standard method for doing certain job with the assistance of scientific management theory.
• There should be attention on eradicating interruptions while planning work.
• Rule of thumb work methods are replaced with other methods which are based on scientific study of tasks.

It is axiomatic to posit that Civil Service occupies a prominent position in any nation. It is designed as an “agent of fruitful change and development” (Arowolo, 2012:5). The Civil Service is an influential public institution, which is responsible for the delivery of essential services to the people (Kauzya, 2011:18). Effective and efficient Civil Service delivery therefore remains paramount role to any government of the day and various institutions all over the world. It is envisaged that Civil Service delivery in the context of efficiency, effectiveness, economy, completeness, inclusiveness and accountability will pave way to good governance which eventually culminates in participatory and consensus-oriented, transparency, responsiveness, equitable and inclusiveness towards the management of people and their resources at all levels (World Bank, 1993) For decades, the enhancement of government performance has been the focus of public administration (McBride, 2008). Cognizant of this fact, over the last decade, many countries are introducing primary changes in the structure and operations of their civil services (Chukwuemeka & Innocent, 2011). This is because making civil service more available to users and improving the quality and efficiency are significant challenges for the modernization of the public sector (Mitchell, 2000). To be effective and efficient in the 21st century, public sector organizations need to adopt a sound and innovative performance management tool (Budiarso, 2014). In this regard, public administration scholars have suggested the use of different theories like the scientific management theories to assist in improving services and making more effective use of resources and improving the productivity or job performance of the civil servants (Bolívar, Hernández & Rodríguez, 2010).

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