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PROJECT TOPIC: THE IMPACT OF HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA REFINERY AND PETROL CHEMICAL KRPC KADUNA STATE

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Health, safety and environment (HSE) management ensure the health and safety of workers and compliance with HSE constructionrequirements. The concept of Health, safety and environment (HSE) has become an important part of organizations and multinationalcompanies the world over. The 2010 British Petroleum’s’ deep water horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, point out the importance thatmust be placed on the perception of safety culture by personnel in the petroleum sector. These mishaps and accidents have a wide range ofimpacts; apart from the irrevocable damage to the corporate and social image of organizations involved, it could lead to reduction in theirfinancial standing. On that note, a positive safety culture can be defined as: ‘a set of values, perceptions, attitudes and patterns of behaviourwith regards to safety showed by members of the organization, as well as set of policies, practices and procedures relating to the reductionof employees’ exposure to occupational risks, implemented at every level of the organization, and reflecting a high level of concern andcommitment to the prevention of accidents and illnesses’. However, safety culture has broadened from the context of mishaps andcalamities to include the environment and health issues. However, perception of HSE culture by personnel has not been very rigorous as itshould be. Nigeria is a West African federal republic strategically located with its southern coastal Niger-delta region opening into the gulf ofGuinea, with vast petroleum and natural gas reserves. As at December 2015, Nigeria (including offshore deep-water installations) hadproven oil reserves of about 37 billion barrels and about 180 trillion cubic feet of natural gas; this indicates that Nigeria has the secondlargest crude oil reserves in Africa as well as the ninth largest natural gas reserves in the world. In order to extract and export these naturalresources, the Nigeria petroleum industry has to deal with external issues that shape its HSE culture; oil spill pollution that destroys flora,fauna, contamination of rivers and streams, acid rain and health problems results in loss of livelihood for the poor masses who do not havemuch use for petroleum as they depend on the environment for food through farming and fishing. The ‘environment’ facet involves effortsto prevent practices that cause pollution, efficient waste management to ensure that waste is reduced as far as reasonably practicable andefforts to protect environmental resources; flora, fauna etc. ‘Safety’ covers relevant as well as appropriate training and adequate protectionfor employees, visitors, facilities and equipment. Under the ‘health’ facet, employee health and well being are fervently protected fromworking processes or by products as far as is reasonable possible. In addition, work environment is designed in such a way that adequateergonomic features are considered, noise levels are maintained at acceptable levels and personal protection equipment are provided andused as required. Disasters have remained a recurring decimal in the events of mankind over the years and its intensity frequency appearsto be increasing recently. Disasters occur when at least ten people are killed and/or 100 people or more are affected and/or an appeal forinternational assistance is made or a state of emergency declared. Health care system refers to the various levels of health care deliveryservices such as the primary, secondary and tertiary (Egwu, 2014). The impact of disasters on public health and health care system aredevastating and numerous. Among them include: injuries, illness, death; overwhelming of medical resources and health services;destruction of hospitals and health centres; disruption of routine health services and preventive activities with attendant increase inmorbidity and mortality. Others are increase potential for communicable diseases among population and exacerbating environmentalhazards; causing of generalized panic or paralyzing trauma, anxiety, depression, neurosis, and sometimes post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD) at epidemic levels; disruption of food supply to communities leading to famine, starvation and specific micro nutrient deficiencies.More so, there is population displacement resulting in large spontaneous or organized population epidemics of communicable diseases inboth displaced and host communities as well as high refugee population (Noji, 2008). Public Health Workers/Nurses play significant roles inprotecting the health and safety of communities, families, and individuals in time of disasters or emergencies. Since a disaster results in avast ecological breakdown between humans and their environment, the stricken communities need extra ordinary efforts to cope with it.Therefore, the health care providers play major roles in preventing, preparing for, responding to and recovering of humans from disasters oremergencies (American Public Health Association, 1996). This study will examine concept of disasters, impacts of disasters and implicationson health, safety and environment.


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