CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

Efforts to fight corruption have gained increasing awareness in the international community and discourses in social science after the cold war. This was backed with formation of initiatives at the international and regional platforms including the United Nations (UN) Convention against Transnational Organized Crimes, the UN Convention against Corruption and Combatting Corruption and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combatting Corruption (Global Coalition for Afriaca, 2007; Azubuike, 2008; Amukowa;2013).

In the past, corruption was not considered a significant challenge for developed and developing countries nor a subject of academic discourse. The IMF and World Bank’s focus was to fight poverty and not corruption which was perceived as a political, not an economic issue (Ackerman 1999; Wrong, 2009). Corruption was often disregarded in countries that were perceived important to Western interest. It was of minor significance compared to promotion or pursuance of the Cold War even if it involved autocratic regimes (Ackerman, 1999; Brown, 2003; Enweremadu; 2012).

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