CHAPTER ONE INTR ODUCTI ON 1.1 Backgr ound of the Study

“Slavery existed bef ore m oney or law” (H ochschild, 2005). T o many, slavery is a thing of the past and have n o place in the m odern s ociety. It has been 202 years since the ab oliti on of slavery in the United  Kingd om  and  144  years  since its  ab oliti on  in  the  United  States. T oday,  the  menace  of slavery has reincarnated itself in the f orm of human trafficking where th ousands of w omen, men and children are s old f or a penny. The Internati onal Lab our Organisati on (IL O) estimates that annual pr ofits generated fr om trafficking of human beings are as high as 32 billi on USD.  Human trafficking is regarded as one of transnati onal organised crimes in recent times by the United Nati on and it is rated the sec ond heinous crime in the w orld (Kempad o o et al, 2015; Shelley & Lee, 2007).

Alth ough it is extremely difficult t o estimate the scale of human trafficking crimes, the Internati onal Lab our Organisati on and Walk Free F oundati on rep ort (2018) estimated that, ab out

45.8  milli on  pe ople  are  in  f orced  lab our  and  sexual  expl oitati on.  Acc ording  t o  Internati onal Lab our Organisati on (IL O), there are at least 2.4 milli on trafficked pers ons at any given time. F orty-tw o percent (42%) of the traffickers are trafficked within their own c ountries with 71% being females and 28% children (United Nati ons Office on Drugs and Crime (UN ODC, 2016)). Human trafficking has increased as high as 200 milli on which is m ore than the entirety of slavery in the Trans-Atlantic slave trade (Free the slaves, 2007).

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