CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. Background to the study

In recent times, flooding has been universally considered as one of the pronounced environmental hazards making most impacts on human lives and properties (Ouarda et al., 2009;Gaume, et al., 2010; Villarini, et al., 2009; Schmocker-Fackel & Naef, 2010; Greenbaum et al., 2010; Prudhomme et al., 2003; Kusumastuti et al., 2008). Smith (2001) stated that floods claimed over 20,000 lives and adversely affected around 75 million people worldwide annually. Existing flood defense structures are becoming too weak to withstand the increasing magnitude of flooding. This signifies that primary protection regarding flood is not sustainable anymore. The solution is moving to risk culture and finding the balance between the shape of land use and urbanization through adaptation, mitigation, prevention, and response and recovery strategies.

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