CHAPTER ONE

  INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

          Water is one of the earth’s most important resources that use for human life and its quality totally depend on geological environment, recovery, utilization as per need and human activities like domestic, industrial or commercial, mining operations, agricultural etc-(Wagh et al, 2014). Water occupies about 71% of the earth’s surface and yet it is one of the scarcest commodities especially in the developing countries of the world (Karikari and Ansa, 2006). Water is also one of the most demanded of all urban and rural amenities and it is indispensable for man’s activities. Oketola et al,(2010) noted that water is abundant on the planet Earth as a whole, but fresh potable water is not always available at the right time or the right place for human or ecosystem use and water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource vital to life. Furthermore, water is distributed in nature as surface and ground water in different forms and sources which are oceans, seas, rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, wells, boreholes and springs.

The world is faced with problems related to the management of wastewater. This is due to extensive industrialization, increasing population density and high urbanized societies (McCasland et al., 2008). The effluents generated from domestic and industrial activities constitute the major sources of the natural water pollution load. This is a great burden in terms of wastewater management and can consequently lead to a point-source pollution problem, which not only increases treatment cost considerably, but also introduces a wide range of chemical pollutants and microbial contaminants to water sources (Amir et al. 2004).

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