CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1   Background of the study

Water is the main contributor to the failure and damage of roads. Water can be in the form of ground water, surface water (streams and rivers) or rain, as runoff from the surrounding areas. In addition, water may flow laterally from the pavement edges or it may seep upward from a high ground water table. The water flow can damage the road in several ways. Rokade et al (2016) reported that water-related damage to pavement can cause one or more of the following forms of deteriorations: a) reduction of base, subbase and sub grade strength, b) differential swelling in expansive sub-grade soils, c) stripping of asphalt in flexible pavements, d) frost heave and reduction of strength during frost melt, and e) movement of fine particles into base or subbase materials resulting in a reduction of the hydraulic conductivity considerably. The damage to the road can be reduced if the flow of water is controlled. Minor damages can easily be repaired as part of the regular maintenance provided to the road and its structures. If the flow of water is not properly managed, the deterioration of the road will be more serious and occur more rapidly. This will lead to higher maintenance demands and in the worst cases result in serious damage which may obstruct the traffic flow.

Drainage system is a process of removing & controlling excess surface water with in right of way. Drainage is an important feature in determining the ability of given pavement to withstand the effects of traffic and environment. (Adequate drainage is very essential in the design of highways since it affects the highway’s serviceability and usable life. If ponding on the traveled way occurs, hydroplaning becomes an important safety concern. Drainage design involves providing facilities that collect, transport and remove storm water from the highway (O‟Flaherty, 2002).

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