CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1    Background of the Study

Waste is one of the major threat facing present generation (Safiuddin, Zamin, Salam, Islam, and  Hashim, 2010). Large quantities of waste materials and by-products are generated from manufacturing processes, agricultural activities, service industries, construction activities and municipal solid wastes, solid waste management has become one of the major environmental concerns in the world, with the increasing awareness about the environment, scarcity of landfill space and due to its ever increasing cost, and strict environmental control laws in some countries there hasbeen a growing emphasis on the utilisation of waste materials and by-products as construction materials, especially concrete (Patricija, Aleksandra, Korjakson, and Stokeman, 2012).

According to Dahiru(2007) Construction activities consumes approximately 40% natural resources and 40% waste is generated as a result of such development, that is why two of the basic actions towards sustainability highlighted in Rio generio in Brazil agenda 21 are minimization of total waste generation and maximization of environmental sound waste management and recycling. Remedial measures were outlined to solve the problems of waste prominent among them is what is popularly called Three Rs – Reduce, Re use and Recycle (Zongji, 2011).

Recently, the interest for utilization of waste materials in cement or concrete has increased significantly (Karim, Zain, Jamil, Lai  and Islam, 2012). In advanced countries, partial replacement of cement with pozzolanic industrial wastes is well documented and recommended(Manaseh, 2010). In the developing countries, the most common and readily available materials that are used to partially replace cement without economic implications are agro based wastes, with inherent multiple benefits  (Manaseh, 2010). One of the locally available agricultural wastes that satisfies  the requirement of sustainable development and, which can be used as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement is Coconut Shell Ash (CSA).Coconut Shell ash essentially contains amorphous silica 37.97%, Al2O3 24.12%, Fe2O3 15.48%, Cao 4.98%(Vignesh, Aruna, Manohari, and Maria, 2014). Supplementary cementitious materials reduce lime content in hydrated Portland cements and replace it with pore filling cement hydrates, which are known to improve the ultimate strength, impermeability and concrete resistance to chemical attack (Shetty, 2009).

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2. 2. As a source for additional understanding of the subject.
3. 3. As a source for ideas for your own research work (if properly referenced).
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5. 5. Direct citing (if referenced properly)
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