CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Every year nearly 2million are dying before they reach 5th birthday to low and middle group. Immunization is the most cost effective safest and efficient health investment of saving millions of lives and averting morbidity, mortality and disability by vaccine preventable diseases.       

One of the greatest achievements in public health has been infectious disease prevention through immunization; few intervention in this field has help to prevent death of children under [5] five years of age.

          Immunization is a process of introducing live attenuated or dead antigen into the body to stimulate the production of antibodies which fight against the specific disease. It was first discovered by a British physician named EWARD JANNER who introduce the method of immunization for the protection against small pox, house inspected material from cowpox to immunize human suffering from small pox his vaccination were the first known application of the principle of active  immunization by the use of material containing a weakened or attenuated virus. He is often called the father of  vaccinology  and his practice in 1796 was sequel to his observation that an attack could confer immunity against small pox. It was about a hundred years later that the smallpox virus was discovered.

          Based on the lessons learned from his effort to eradicate smallpox other campaigns have been implement in Nigeria for the eradication of poliomyelitis and measles as a result of steadfast commitment to immunization on the part of the health workers and parent the case of the polio myelitis in Nigeria has reduced drastically to the barest minimum level measles transmission has been slowed and there is also a strong commitment to measles control in Nigeria.

          Immunization remains the most effective fool in reducing children morbidity and mortality occurring from vaccine preventable disease [V P D S] such as tuberculosis, polo myelitis, diphtheria whooping cough, tetanus, Neonatal tetanus, measles yellow fever, hepatitis B and cerebrospinal meningitis

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