CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Introduction

Migration has become a common phenomenon. Migration refers to movement across different boundaries of territories which mostly involves a change in a place of temporarily or permanent residence. Migration according to Golscheider (1974) can also be described as the separation from the organized activities of one area and the total shift or movement of a whole round of activities to another area. Over the years, there has been a phenomenal increase in the volume as well as the magnitude of migration accounting for the diverse spread of humans across every corner of the globe. Scholars of the various literature on transnationalism indicates that the improvement in the level of ICT, easier and affordable means of air travels as well as the modern capitalist production relating to the past half century have bring about a new and increased flows of ideas, money, goods and people, which seem to bring together disparate communities to locations of places all over the world (Vertovec,1999;Portes,1998 Glick Schiller et al, 1995; Awumbilla, 2011). The escalation tends to be attributed to current trends of globalization, civil wars, uneven distribution of economic resources and porous borders that makes it easy for people to travel beyond borders in the quest for lucrative jobs and higher living standards.

The concept of international migration can be defined as the geographical or territorial exit due to the inability of an economy and its institutions to provide well-being and human security for its inhabitants (Hirschman 1970). The universal count of international migrants continues to increase rapidly in recent times. The number of international migrants stood at 173 million people in the year 2000. This number had increased to 220 million in 2010 and a further increase to 258 million in 2017. (UNDESA Population Division, International Migration Report, 2017). The bulk of international migrants tend to be nationals of developing countries who try to reach the developed countries. Martin and Zurcher (2008) argue that an estimated number of 62 million people migrated from the developing countries to the developed countries in 2005. In 2017, high-income countries hosted 64 per cent, or nearly 165 million, of the total number of international migrants worldwide (UNDESA, The International Migration Report, 2017).

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