CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

ENUMERATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN PHARMACEUTICAL ORAL LIQUIDS.

Pharmaceutical oral liquids — syrups or suspensions are among the numerous pharmaceutical products and have different compositions and diversity of contaminating microorganisms, each with its specific application and problems, some products are however more imperiled to be contaminated with microorganisms and they are more hazardous than other ones.

We have seen a number of problems associated with the microbiological contamination of tropical drug products, nasal solutions and inhalation products (U. S.F. D. A, 2006).

Pharmaceutical products such as liquids (syrups) are generally required to be sterile; however, it is desirable that, they contain low level of microbial contamination in the biodegradation of the products which in essence, constitute a health hazard to its consumers. The most important

component of the living matter is water. Multiplication and survival of microorganisms in drugs. This reports emphasized the need to monitor the microbiological quality on non-sterile pharmaceutical products, dispensed and sold in the public hospitals, pharmacies and potent medicine stores Taylor, R. B; Behrens, and low, A. S (2001).

ORAL LIQUIDS: They are homogenous liquids preparations, usually consisting of a solution, a suspension or emulsion of suitable vehicle which are more active to be swallowed either undiluted or after dilution. Oral liquids may contain auxiliary substance such as suitable antimicrobial preservatives dispensing, suspending, emulsifying, stabilizing, flavouring, colouring and sweeten agents. The vehicle for any particular oral liquid should be chosen having regard to be nature of the active ingredients and to produce organoleptic characteristics appropriate to the intended se of the preparation.

ORAL SUSPENSION: Are oral liquids containing one or more active ingredients suspended in suitable vehicle.

Suspended solid may slowly separate on standing but are easily redispened.

ORAL DROP: Are oral liquid that are intended to be administered in small volume in the aid of a suitable measuring device.

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