CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The role information technology have played in various field of human endeavors can not be over emphasized. As most section of humanity like banking industries, auto mobile industries etc have experience the influenced of information technology like wise the religious setting.

A computer database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. A database relies upon software to organize the storage of data. In other words, the software models the database structure in what are known as database models (or data models). The model in most common use today is the relational model. Other models such as the hierarchical model and the network model use a more explicit representation of relationships (see below for explanation of the various database models). Database management systems are usually categorized according to the database model that they support. The data model tends to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model, and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from hardware failures. In these areas there are large differences between products Database normalization, sometimes referred to as canonical synthesis, is a technique for designing relational database tables to minimize duplication of information and, in so doing, to safeguard the database against certain types of logical or structural problems, namely data anomalies. For example, when multiple instances of a given piece of information occur in a table, the possibility exists that these instances will not be kept consistent when the data within the table is updated, leading to a loss of data integrity. A table that is sufficiently normalized is less vulnerable to problems of this kind, because its structure reflects the basic assumptions for when multiple instances of the same information should be represented by a single instance only. Higher degrees of normalization typically involve more tables and create the need for a larger number of joins, which can reduce performance. Accordingly, more highly normalized tables are typically used in database applications involving many isolated transactions (e.g. an Automated teller machine), while less normalized tables tend to be used in database applications that need to map complex relationships between data entities and data attributes (e.g. a reporting application, or a full-text search application). Database theory describes a table’s degree of normalization in terms of normal forms of successively higher degrees of strictness. A table in third normal form (3NF), for example, is consequently in second normal form (2NF) as well; but the reverse is not necessarily the case.

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