CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Information system is a collection of logically related files, organized in a manner to satisfy the needs of an organization.  A database is a store of data structured so that access and update can be made by different people in different ways without needs to change its design or content for this to happen, it is essential that all data items are logically related.

          Information system is always necessary to store date items once, because of it, input cost are lower.  Duplicate letters are largely dominated thereby saving space and ensuring data consistency.  Data is defined as an unprocessed fact.  They are raw facts that are unprocessed.  Data does not have meaning.  Information is processed data through the computer, which process different type of information.  Information in the computer is stored in codes. File is the collection of related filed, field is the collection of data items.

          Information system is important, because important information requirement and non-specialist need easy ways of accessing this information.  Large amount of data with many types of records occurring many times in database management system.  Also in database information system, complex data structures including many relationships between data items.  Many organizations will have many use requirements in data base management system.  Organizations will also have many frequent demand for changes to be made which only unflexible database management system can cope with.

          Data is viewed as a source to be shared by as many process as possible.  As a result, data must be organized in a way that is flexible and adaptable to un anticipation requirements.  The data which they stored in anticipation of requests, and the requests themselves. Data may be stored as references to documents, microforms or computer coded text, graphics etc.  the service may be offered on a local basis or through a telecommunication network.  Database system may be operated by organizations for their own benefit or offered to the public on a subscription basic.  The output from database services is either a document or computer data presented, say, on a video display unit or a voice output.

          The main purpose of database is to satisfy the user information needs.  The way in which these needs are expressed largely determined the principles of operation of a particular database system.

          Perhaps the most straight forward request for database is when the user supplies a complete reference for a document. The job of the service then is to locate a copy of the document and deliver it to the user.   This is usually referred to as document retrieved service.  It may be aided by computers in compelling the index to the documents in store, and in physically locating a required document as in a computerized warehouse.

          More after then not, however, database need are expressed in terms of a request for data such as, how many patient are being admitted monthly in a hospital? Or what kind of sickness of a patient? To answer such questions reference must be made to records stored either in printed form or as computer coded data.  The first of there is often refered to as information retrieval, the later as database search, when the index to the printed record is computerized.

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