1.1 Background of Study

In the twenty-first century, the term "technology" is an important issue in many areas, including education. This is because, in the majority of countries, technology has become the dominant mechanism of knowledge transfer. Nowadays, technological integration has advanced and transformed our society, drastically altering how people think, work, and live (Grabe, 2017). Schools and other educational institutions responsible for training students to live in a "knowledge society" must consider incorporating ICT into their curricula as part of this (Ghavifekr, Afshari & Amla Salleh, 2021).

Information, communication, and technology (ICT) integration in education refers to the incorporation of computer-based communication into the daily classroom teaching process. Teachers are considered as critical players in incorporating ICT into their daily lessons, as well as preparing students for the modern digital environment.

This is due to the fact that ICT can provide a dynamic and proactive teaching-learning environment (Arnseth & Hatlevik, 2021). While the purpose of ICT integration is to improve and raise the quality, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness of student teaching, it also refers to the advantages of networking learning communities to tackle the challenges of current globalization (Albirini, 2016). Adoption of ICT is a series of ongoing and continuous procedures that thoroughly support teaching and learning as well as information resources (Young, 2021).

ICT integration in education, in general, refers to a technology-based teaching and learning process that is closely linked to the usage of learning tools in schools. Because kids prefer to study in a technology-based environment, the subject of ICT integration in schools, particularly in the classroom, is crucial. This is because the use of technology in education substantially contributes to the pedagogical features in which the use of ICT will lead to effective learning with the aid and support of ICT elements and components (Jamieson-Procter et al., 2021). It is accurate to say that virtually all subjects, beginning with mathematics, physics, languages, arts and humanities, and other critical topics, may be learned more effectively with technology-based tools and equipment. Furthermore, when it comes to successful learning with computers as learning aids, ICT provides help and complementary supports for both teachers and students (Jorge et al., 2019).

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