1.1         BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 

Retaining valuable staff is a worldwide issue. Managers and top-level officials are continuously confronted with the problem of maintaining personnel, and there is ample evidence that in the face of an ever-increasing high rate of employee turnover, retention of qualified staff has been a major worry for managers throughout the world (Chipunza, 2009). The focus of HRM research has evolved in recent years from individual Human Resource Management (HRM) practices and their effects on company performance to the overall HRM system and its effects on labor turnover (Khan, 2010). As the age of the knowledge worker develops, employee retention is becoming an increasingly crucial concern for businesses (Lumley, 2011).

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