CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

In the 1960s, teaching leadership (IL) evolved from the effective school literature. In the last three decades, two distinct threads have evolved. Evidence from the 1980s showed that IL improved school performance (Murphy, 1985). In the new century, a second wave of interest arose, resulting in large-scale research demonstrating the favorable influence of IL on school effectiveness and improvement (Hallinger, 2011). Instructional leadership (IL) has a long history of improving student achievement, mainly in the United States (Murphy, 2013). In fact, according to experts (Leithwood, 2008), IL has been the most successful leadership strategy over the past 30 years. In the last decade, there has been a resurgence of interest in IL, with many praising its usefulness in creating long-term teaching and learning in schools (Bryk, 2010). Students are entitled to a high-quality education that allows them to develop academically, emotionally, spiritually, and physically (Peterson, 1999). Teachers are considered valuable to society if they offer pupils with high-quality education. However, due of the combination of internal and external factors that tend to mediate instruction and produce a negative impression of the teaching profession, the sort of atmosphere favorable to teaching and learning is generally not realized. According to Harris (2007), in recent decades, the community's opinions of teaching have been directly influenced by a variety of external factors that have fundamentally transformed the character and nature of teaching and learning. Bush (2007) claims that the quality of leadership may have a substantial impact on the transformation of teaching and learning. Both the National Development and Education visions require strong teaching leadership. Parents and society as a whole have high educational expectations and professional responsibility because of these goals. Schools and instructors are increasingly being held responsible for the education they deliver to the public (Bowora, 2000). School leaders are supposed to oversee employees, discipline children, connect with parents, manage buildings, lead the educational program, ensure the safety of teachers and students, manage finances, and participate in school reform, among other things, according to Chirichelo (2007). According to Grima (2016), heads of schools are in a better position since they are more aware of what is going on in their schools and can identify areas for development due to increased engagement with outside organizations. ―School Heads are supposed to be improvement managers, establishing the ideal environment in their schools for it to happen (Sebring, 2010). They must have a clear sense of direction for their schools and discuss and plan how to get there with their personnel. The job of the principal is continually changing. In most cases, a head teacher can only manage one school; but, in other cases, head teachers are in charge of many schools. The governance systems to which head teachers are answerable have a variety of job titles, including principal, executive, associate, and head of school (Allensworth, 2009). Head teachers have a powerful influence in society and help to develop the teaching profession. Head teachers, on the other hand, are expected to have good ideals and goals to bring schools to higher levels because they are responsible for the schools' and students' performance. Head teachers' leadership has a significant influence on the quality of teaching and student achievement in the classroom. Within and outside of their own institutions, head teachers set high academic standards and expectations. According to Halverson (2004), instructional leaders are responsible for identifying, acquiring, allocating, coordinating, and using the social, material, and cultural resources needed to create the circumstances for teaching and learning to take place. Identification, acquisition, allocation, coordination, and utilization of social and cultural resources essential to create the circumstances for teaching and learning are all part of instructional leadership (Spillane, 2004). According to Nkobi (2008), instructional leadership aims to enhance teachers' classroom work quality with the goal of boosting students' achievement as well as their attitudes and conduct toward schoolwork and their personal lives. Instructional leadership is an important component in raising learner achievement.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Primary school principals are responsible for providing vision, leadership, and direction for their schools, as well as ensuring that they are managed and structured to fulfill their goals and objectives MOE (Ministry of Education, 2012). Educators must teach kids on a local level to become global citizens. When school leaders appropriately practice their instructional leadership duties, efforts to boost student achievement can succeed in a big way (Darling, 2005). However, education quality and school leadership abilities are now at the heart of a heated national discussion. The subject taught, the teachers who deliver the curriculum, and the leaders who work with teachers, students, and the community are all factors that play a role in this area (Cunningham, 2009). Evidence shows that policy measures that focus only on leadership and management struggle to have more than a generic influence on student learning. Rather, significant economic, demographic, technical, and global upheaval have changed the role of school principals (Levine, 2005). Despite the fact that they play a critical role in determining the course of successful schools, public primary school administrators face a variety of challenges in their current work environment. Despite the fact that studies have been undertaken primarily to examine the challenges that primary school administrators face in order to accelerate the delivery of high-quality primary education (Oduro, 2007). However, due to the importance of this function in students' academic achievement and the issues facing primary schools in Ose, Ondo state, research into the meanings teachers attach to the role of heads of school in instructional leadership is urgently needed.

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